# Agentic Dispatch Coupling: Why Session-Sequential Replay is the Realistic Mode

Date: 2026-05-26
Owner: characterization
Status: methodology note for paper framing

## The observation

In `replayer/replay.py:282-287`, turn N of a session fires at:

```
t_fire(N) = max(
    turn_N_trace_timestamp,         # what the trace asked for
    turn_{N-1}_finish_wall_clock,   # but turn N-1 must complete first
)
```

When the system is fast, the second term loses → turn N fires at its trace
timestamp → the replay matches the captured trace. When the system is slow,
the second term dominates → turn N fires *immediately* after turn N-1
completes, with the trace timestamp ignored. The session's "inter-turn
think time" collapses to zero.

A first reading flags this as a benchmark concern: under saturation the
arrival process becomes policy-dependent, so cross-policy latency
comparisons are confounded by a feedback loop (slow policy → longer
sessions → more concurrent in-flight → harder system → slower latency).

This note argues the opposite: **the trace-replayer's behavior is the
correct model of agentic workloads, and the feedback loop is a real
property of production systems, not a methodology artifact**.

## Why agentic workloads do not have user think-time

In chat workloads, the turn N+1 message is composed by a human reading the
turn N response. The inter-turn gap is dominated by human reading + typing
speed, which is independent of how fast the server replied. The trace's
timestamp captures the human cadence and is a faithful arrival process.

In **agentic workloads**, turn N+1 is generated by:
- A tool-call response feeding back into the model context
- An autonomous loop deciding the next action
- A planner / executor stepping to the next subgoal

None of these wait for a human. Turn N+1 fires as soon as the
infrastructure can hand the previous turn's output back to the next
inference step. There is no think-time floor.

This means: in a real agentic system, **the wall-clock time between turn N
finish and turn N+1 dispatch is essentially zero**. If the model serving
infrastructure slows down (high TTFT or E2E for turn N), turn N+1's
dispatch slips by the same amount — exactly the behavior the replayer
exhibits.

## What B3's session-sequential dispatch is actually measuring

B3's trace replayer drives a workload that:
- preserves the *causal structure* of the original trace (which turns
  belong to which session and in what order),
- uses the *original timestamps as a lower bound* (turn N+1 cannot fire
  before its trace timestamp),
- *but* lets turn N+1 fire immediately when the system has fallen behind.

For an agentic workload, this is the right model:

1. The captured trace's timestamps reflect the **production system's
   actual response speed at capture time** — they already encode the
   round-trip time the model + tool stack delivered.
2. When we replay against a *different* policy, what we want to measure
   is "what wall-clock would this session take under policy X" — which
   includes the same tool-call-driven cadence: each next turn fires as
   soon as it can.
3. The "inter-turn gap" is not a fixed delay we should respect; it is an
   artifact of the captured system's speed that we are explicitly trying
   to replace.

So the replayer's behavior is not "broken under saturation"; it is
modeling the agentic semantic correctly: **no think-time, sequential
within session, fire-immediately when ready**.

## The feedback loop is a real production phenomenon

Once we accept the agentic semantic, the so-called "dispatch slip
artifact" is not an artifact — it is a real system behavior:

```
slow policy
    → each turn takes longer
    → each session lives in the system longer
    → at any moment, more sessions are concurrently in-flight
    → 8 workers' KV / queue pressure is higher
    → each request gets less per-worker capacity
    → each turn takes even longer
    → ...
```

By Little's Law: `N_concurrent ≈ session_arrival_rate × mean_session_lifetime`.

In our B3 data:
- lmetric: mean session lifetime is much longer than the original
  trace's ~600 s span (lmetric's 1214-request replay took 49 min wall
  clock — sessions stayed alive ~8× longer than the trace captured).
- unified: sessions drain ~3× faster than lmetric.

So under unified, the 8-worker pool sees fewer concurrent sessions than
under lmetric — and this is **what production would also see** if the
operator switched routing policies on the same incoming agentic load.

**This is not a fairness violation**. It is a faithful reflection of:
"a faster routing policy is faster both because of its per-request
behavior AND because it reduces the steady-state concurrent load it
inflicts on itself".

A user running an agentic system *does* benefit from both effects when
they pick a better policy. The combined "policy × system-feedback" gain
is what the user actually experiences.

## What this means for B3 and B4 in the paper

| | B3 trace-driven replay | B4 open-loop Poisson |
|---|---|---|
| Arrival process | original trace timestamps with session-sequential "fire-on-finish" | Poisson session inter-arrival at fixed λ |
| Inter-turn think-time | none (matches agentic) | none (matches agentic) |
| Session lifetime under load | *grows* with policy slowness (feedback) | *fixed* by trace template plus per-turn latency |
| What latency at p90 measures | end-user latency under agentic feedback amplification | per-request behavior at the operator-chosen load level |
| What "fair across policies" means | same trace, same total session set; arrival process is policy-dependent **on purpose** | same λ, decoupled from policy throughput |
| When to use it | "if we run this real captured load through our system, what does the user see" | "what is the max sustainable rate (SRR) before SLO breaks, per policy" |

The two are **complementary**, not "B3 is unfair and B4 fixes it":

- **B3 answers the "in-production replay" question** — including feedback amplification, which agentic users will actually experience.
- **B4 answers the "saturation envelope" question** — what's the policy's intrinsic throughput at fixed load.

A paper that drops B3 in favor of B4 would understate how much the
**combined** effect (policy + feedback) actually helps the user. A paper
that drops B4 in favor of B3 would conflate the two effects and prevent
a "policy X sustains higher λ" statement.

## Recommended paper framing

1. **B3 is the production-replay experiment**. Report latency percentiles
   as "end-to-end under captured agentic load with no-think-time
   sequencing". Acknowledge that the *combined* gap (e.g. unified TTFT
   p90 = 7.24 s vs lmetric 15.6 s) reflects both policy and feedback;
   call this out, do not hide it.

2. **B4 is the controlled-load experiment**. Report `SRR_max` per policy
   under per-class SLO. This is the experiment that decouples policy
   from feedback and gives a sustainable-rate ranking.

3. **The feedback amplification itself is a finding to call out**. It is
   the reason why a "marginally better" routing policy (e.g. unified
   over lmetric in microbenchmarks) can deliver a much bigger gap in
   production (here ~2×): the feedback halves the in-flight count which
   compounds on top of the per-request improvement.

4. **The contrast with chat workloads is a paper section** (or at least a
   paragraph). Chat workloads have human think-time bounded by reading
   speed, so the feedback loop is partially broken: even if the server
   slows down, the user-driven inter-turn delay still puts a floor on
   how concentrated the load can become. Agentic workloads remove that
   floor.

## Open questions

- **Is the feedback amplification quantifiable from B3 alone?** We have
  total wall-clock per policy and per-session lifetime distributions; we
  can in principle attribute the policy-vs-feedback split by comparing
  B3's saturated-replay p90 to B4's at-fixed-λ p90 (when B4 runs).
- **Does it matter that the original trace was captured under one
  policy's behavior?** The trace's timestamps were the production
  system's output at capture time. When we replay against a slower
  policy, we are asking "what if this same set of session+turns ran on
  a worse policy" — and the answer is "the sessions would live longer".
  This is precisely the counterfactual we want.
- **What happens if real tools have variable per-call latency?** Our
  replayer assumes turn N+1 fires the instant turn N finishes. Real
  agentic systems have some tool-execution time between turns. This is
  a quantitative correction (raises the floor on inter-turn gap), not a
  qualitative one — the feedback loop still applies, just with a higher
  baseline.

## Cross-reference

- `replayer/replay.py:282-287` — the dispatch rule
- `analysis/characterization/window_1_results.md` §"What Window 1 does not answer" — current treatment as caveat
- `analysis/claude_characterization_work_plan.md` §B4 — open-loop Poisson loadgen as the orthogonal measurement