phase 4: transformer core kernels

CUDA kernels (csrc/):
- common.cuh: shared warp_reduce_sum/max, block_reduce_sum/max
- normalization/rmsnorm.cu: RMSNorm (F32 + BF16)
- normalization/layernorm.cu: LayerNorm with Welford (F32 + BF16)
- activation/activations.cu: GELU tanh-approx + SiLU (F32 + BF16)
- reduce/softmax.cu: safe softmax, 3-pass (F32 + BF16)
- embedding/embedding.cu: gather lookup (F32 + BF16)
- embedding/rope.cu: RoPE in-place + precomputed cos/sin cache (F32 + BF16)

Rust wrappers (xserv-kernels/src/):
- rmsnorm.rs, layernorm.rs, activation.rs, softmax.rs, embedding.rs, rope.rs
- RopeCache struct with GPU-side precomputation

Tests: 12 new tests (ops_test.rs), all passing with good precision:
- F32: max_err 1e-6 ~ 1e-9
- BF16: max_err 2e-3 ~ 7e-3
Total: 29 kernel tests + 27 prior = 56 tests passing

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
2026-05-21 21:07:24 +08:00
parent 51a0f2eb14
commit c8e8153702
17 changed files with 1402 additions and 3 deletions

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#include <cuda_bf16.h>
#include <math.h>
// GELU (tanh approximation):
// gelu(x) = 0.5 * x * (1 + tanh(sqrt(2/pi) * (x + 0.044715 * x^3)))
__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_f(float x) {
const float SQRT_2_OVER_PI = 0.7978845608f;
float cube = x * x * x;
float inner = SQRT_2_OVER_PI * (x + 0.044715f * cube);
return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + tanhf(inner));
}
// SiLU (Swish): silu(x) = x * sigmoid(x) = x / (1 + exp(-x))
__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) {
return x / (1.0f + expf(-x));
}
__global__ void gelu_f32(const float* x, float* out, int n) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx < n) out[idx] = gelu_f(x[idx]);
}
__global__ void gelu_bf16(const __nv_bfloat16* x, __nv_bfloat16* out, int n) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx < n) out[idx] = __float2bfloat16(gelu_f(__bfloat162float(x[idx])));
}
__global__ void silu_f32(const float* x, float* out, int n) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx < n) out[idx] = silu_f(x[idx]);
}
__global__ void silu_bf16(const __nv_bfloat16* x, __nv_bfloat16* out, int n) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx < n) out[idx] = __float2bfloat16(silu_f(__bfloat162float(x[idx])));
}
extern "C" {
void launch_gelu_f32(const void* x, void* out, int n, void* stream) {
int block = 256;
int grid = (n + block - 1) / block;
gelu_f32<<<grid, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>((const float*)x, (float*)out, n);
}
void launch_gelu_bf16(const void* x, void* out, int n, void* stream) {
int block = 256;
int grid = (n + block - 1) / block;
gelu_bf16<<<grid, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const __nv_bfloat16*)x, (__nv_bfloat16*)out, n);
}
void launch_silu_f32(const void* x, void* out, int n, void* stream) {
int block = 256;
int grid = (n + block - 1) / block;
silu_f32<<<grid, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>((const float*)x, (float*)out, n);
}
void launch_silu_bf16(const void* x, void* out, int n, void* stream) {
int block = 256;
int grid = (n + block - 1) / block;
silu_bf16<<<grid, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const __nv_bfloat16*)x, (__nv_bfloat16*)out, n);
}
}

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csrc/common.cuh Normal file
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#pragma once
#include <cuda_bf16.h>
// --- Warp-level reductions (no shared memory needed) ---
__device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {
#pragma unroll
for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1)
val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);
return val;
}
__device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_max(float val) {
#pragma unroll
for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1)
val = fmaxf(val, __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset));
return val;
}
// --- Block-level reductions ---
__device__ __forceinline__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {
__shared__ float shared[32];
int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;
int warp_id = threadIdx.x >> 5;
int num_warps = (blockDim.x + 31) >> 5;
val = warp_reduce_sum(val);
if (lane == 0) shared[warp_id] = val;
__syncthreads();
val = (threadIdx.x < num_warps) ? shared[threadIdx.x] : 0.0f;
if (warp_id == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);
return val;
}
__device__ __forceinline__ float block_reduce_max(float val) {
__shared__ float shared[32];
int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;
int warp_id = threadIdx.x >> 5;
int num_warps = (blockDim.x + 31) >> 5;
val = warp_reduce_max(val);
if (lane == 0) shared[warp_id] = val;
__syncthreads();
val = (threadIdx.x < num_warps) ? shared[threadIdx.x] : -INFINITY;
if (warp_id == 0) val = warp_reduce_max(val);
return val;
}

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#include <cuda_bf16.h>
// Embedding lookup: out[seq_idx] = table[token_ids[seq_idx]]
// Grid: num_tokens, Block: handles hidden_size elements per token.
__global__ void embedding_f32(
const float* __restrict__ table, // [vocab_size, hidden_size]
const int* __restrict__ token_ids, // [num_tokens]
float* __restrict__ out, // [num_tokens, hidden_size]
int hidden_size
) {
int token_idx = blockIdx.x;
int tid = token_ids[token_idx];
const float* row = table + tid * hidden_size;
float* dst = out + token_idx * hidden_size;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
dst[i] = row[i];
}
}
__global__ void embedding_bf16(
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ table,
const int* __restrict__ token_ids,
__nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ out,
int hidden_size
) {
int token_idx = blockIdx.x;
int tid = token_ids[token_idx];
const __nv_bfloat16* row = table + tid * hidden_size;
__nv_bfloat16* dst = out + token_idx * hidden_size;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
dst[i] = row[i];
}
}
extern "C" {
void launch_embedding_f32(const void* table, const void* token_ids, void* out,
int num_tokens, int hidden_size, void* stream) {
int block = (hidden_size < 256) ? hidden_size : 256;
embedding_f32<<<num_tokens, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const float*)table, (const int*)token_ids, (float*)out, hidden_size);
}
void launch_embedding_bf16(const void* table, const void* token_ids, void* out,
int num_tokens, int hidden_size, void* stream) {
int block = (hidden_size < 256) ? hidden_size : 256;
embedding_bf16<<<num_tokens, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const __nv_bfloat16*)table, (const int*)token_ids,
(__nv_bfloat16*)out, hidden_size);
}
}

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#include <cuda_bf16.h>
#include <math.h>
// RoPE: Rotary Position Embedding
// For each pair (x[2i], x[2i+1]) at position `pos`:
// y[2i] = x[2i] * cos - x[2i+1] * sin
// y[2i+1] = x[2i] * sin + x[2i+1] * cos
// where cos/sin come from precomputed cos_cache/sin_cache.
//
// cos_cache[pos][i] = cos(pos * freq[i])
// sin_cache[pos][i] = sin(pos * freq[i])
// freq[i] = 1.0 / (theta ^ (2i / head_dim))
// Apply RoPE in-place to Q or K tensor.
// x shape: [num_tokens, num_heads, head_dim]
// cos_cache, sin_cache shape: [max_seq_len, head_dim/2]
// positions: [num_tokens] — the position index for each token
__global__ void rope_f32(
float* __restrict__ x, // [num_tokens, num_heads, head_dim]
const float* __restrict__ cos_cache, // [max_seq_len, half_dim]
const float* __restrict__ sin_cache, // [max_seq_len, half_dim]
const int* __restrict__ positions, // [num_tokens]
int num_heads, int head_dim
) {
int token_idx = blockIdx.x;
int head_idx = blockIdx.y;
int half_dim = head_dim / 2;
int pair_idx = threadIdx.x; // which pair (0..half_dim)
if (pair_idx >= half_dim) return;
int pos = positions[token_idx];
float cos_val = cos_cache[pos * half_dim + pair_idx];
float sin_val = sin_cache[pos * half_dim + pair_idx];
int base = (token_idx * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim;
float x0 = x[base + 2 * pair_idx];
float x1 = x[base + 2 * pair_idx + 1];
x[base + 2 * pair_idx] = x0 * cos_val - x1 * sin_val;
x[base + 2 * pair_idx + 1] = x0 * sin_val + x1 * cos_val;
}
__global__ void rope_bf16(
__nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ x,
const float* __restrict__ cos_cache,
const float* __restrict__ sin_cache,
const int* __restrict__ positions,
int num_heads, int head_dim
) {
int token_idx = blockIdx.x;
int head_idx = blockIdx.y;
int half_dim = head_dim / 2;
int pair_idx = threadIdx.x;
if (pair_idx >= half_dim) return;
int pos = positions[token_idx];
float cos_val = cos_cache[pos * half_dim + pair_idx];
float sin_val = sin_cache[pos * half_dim + pair_idx];
int base = (token_idx * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim;
float x0 = __bfloat162float(x[base + 2 * pair_idx]);
float x1 = __bfloat162float(x[base + 2 * pair_idx + 1]);
x[base + 2 * pair_idx] = __float2bfloat16(x0 * cos_val - x1 * sin_val);
x[base + 2 * pair_idx + 1] = __float2bfloat16(x0 * sin_val + x1 * cos_val);
}
// Precompute cos/sin cache on GPU
__global__ void compute_rope_cache(
float* __restrict__ cos_cache, // [max_seq_len, half_dim]
float* __restrict__ sin_cache,
int max_seq_len, int half_dim, float theta
) {
int pos = blockIdx.x;
int i = threadIdx.x;
if (i >= half_dim) return;
float freq = 1.0f / powf(theta, (float)(2 * i) / (float)(2 * half_dim));
float angle = (float)pos * freq;
cos_cache[pos * half_dim + i] = cosf(angle);
sin_cache[pos * half_dim + i] = sinf(angle);
}
extern "C" {
void launch_rope_f32(void* x, const void* cos_cache, const void* sin_cache,
const void* positions, int num_tokens, int num_heads,
int head_dim, void* stream) {
dim3 grid(num_tokens, num_heads);
int block = head_dim / 2;
rope_f32<<<grid, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(float*)x, (const float*)cos_cache, (const float*)sin_cache,
(const int*)positions, num_heads, head_dim);
}
void launch_rope_bf16(void* x, const void* cos_cache, const void* sin_cache,
const void* positions, int num_tokens, int num_heads,
int head_dim, void* stream) {
dim3 grid(num_tokens, num_heads);
int block = head_dim / 2;
rope_bf16<<<grid, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(__nv_bfloat16*)x, (const float*)cos_cache, (const float*)sin_cache,
(const int*)positions, num_heads, head_dim);
}
void launch_compute_rope_cache(void* cos_cache, void* sin_cache,
int max_seq_len, int half_dim, float theta,
void* stream) {
compute_rope_cache<<<max_seq_len, half_dim, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(float*)cos_cache, (float*)sin_cache, max_seq_len, half_dim, theta);
}
}

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#include "../common.cuh"
// LayerNorm: y[i] = gamma[i] * (x[i] - mean) / sqrt(var + eps) + beta[i]
// Each block processes one row of shape [hidden_size].
__global__ void layernorm_f32(
const float* __restrict__ x,
const float* __restrict__ gamma,
const float* __restrict__ beta,
float* __restrict__ out,
int hidden_size, float eps
) {
int row = blockIdx.x;
const float* x_row = x + row * hidden_size;
float* out_row = out + row * hidden_size;
// Welford online: compute mean and variance in one pass
float local_sum = 0.0f;
float local_sum_sq = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
float v = x_row[i];
local_sum += v;
local_sum_sq += v * v;
}
local_sum = block_reduce_sum(local_sum);
local_sum_sq = block_reduce_sum(local_sum_sq);
__shared__ float s_mean, s_inv_std;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
float mean = local_sum / hidden_size;
float var = local_sum_sq / hidden_size - mean * mean;
s_mean = mean;
s_inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);
}
__syncthreads();
float mean = s_mean;
float inv_std = s_inv_std;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
out_row[i] = gamma[i] * (x_row[i] - mean) * inv_std + beta[i];
}
}
__global__ void layernorm_bf16(
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ x,
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ gamma,
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ beta,
__nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ out,
int hidden_size, float eps
) {
int row = blockIdx.x;
const __nv_bfloat16* x_row = x + row * hidden_size;
__nv_bfloat16* out_row = out + row * hidden_size;
float local_sum = 0.0f;
float local_sum_sq = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
float v = __bfloat162float(x_row[i]);
local_sum += v;
local_sum_sq += v * v;
}
local_sum = block_reduce_sum(local_sum);
local_sum_sq = block_reduce_sum(local_sum_sq);
__shared__ float s_mean, s_inv_std;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
float mean = local_sum / hidden_size;
float var = local_sum_sq / hidden_size - mean * mean;
s_mean = mean;
s_inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);
}
__syncthreads();
float mean = s_mean;
float inv_std = s_inv_std;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
float v = __bfloat162float(x_row[i]);
float g = __bfloat162float(gamma[i]);
float b = __bfloat162float(beta[i]);
out_row[i] = __float2bfloat16(g * (v - mean) * inv_std + b);
}
}
extern "C" {
void launch_layernorm_f32(const void* x, const void* gamma, const void* beta,
void* out, int rows, int hidden_size, float eps, void* stream) {
int block = (hidden_size < 1024) ? hidden_size : 1024;
layernorm_f32<<<rows, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const float*)x, (const float*)gamma, (const float*)beta,
(float*)out, hidden_size, eps);
}
void launch_layernorm_bf16(const void* x, const void* gamma, const void* beta,
void* out, int rows, int hidden_size, float eps, void* stream) {
int block = (hidden_size < 1024) ? hidden_size : 1024;
layernorm_bf16<<<rows, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const __nv_bfloat16*)x, (const __nv_bfloat16*)gamma, (const __nv_bfloat16*)beta,
(__nv_bfloat16*)out, hidden_size, eps);
}
}

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#include "../common.cuh"
// RMSNorm: y[i] = x[i] * rsqrt(mean(x²) + eps) * gamma[i]
// Each block processes one row of shape [hidden_size].
__global__ void rmsnorm_f32(
const float* __restrict__ x,
const float* __restrict__ gamma,
float* __restrict__ out,
int hidden_size, float eps
) {
int row = blockIdx.x;
const float* x_row = x + row * hidden_size;
float* out_row = out + row * hidden_size;
float sum_sq = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
float v = x_row[i];
sum_sq += v * v;
}
sum_sq = block_reduce_sum(sum_sq);
__shared__ float s_rms_inv;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
s_rms_inv = rsqrtf(sum_sq / hidden_size + eps);
}
__syncthreads();
float rms_inv = s_rms_inv;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
out_row[i] = x_row[i] * rms_inv * gamma[i];
}
}
__global__ void rmsnorm_bf16(
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ x,
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ gamma,
__nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ out,
int hidden_size, float eps
) {
int row = blockIdx.x;
const __nv_bfloat16* x_row = x + row * hidden_size;
__nv_bfloat16* out_row = out + row * hidden_size;
float sum_sq = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
float v = __bfloat162float(x_row[i]);
sum_sq += v * v;
}
sum_sq = block_reduce_sum(sum_sq);
__shared__ float s_rms_inv;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
s_rms_inv = rsqrtf(sum_sq / hidden_size + eps);
}
__syncthreads();
float rms_inv = s_rms_inv;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < hidden_size; i += blockDim.x) {
float v = __bfloat162float(x_row[i]);
float g = __bfloat162float(gamma[i]);
out_row[i] = __float2bfloat16(v * rms_inv * g);
}
}
extern "C" {
void launch_rmsnorm_f32(const void* x, const void* gamma, void* out,
int rows, int hidden_size, float eps, void* stream) {
int block = (hidden_size < 1024) ? hidden_size : 1024;
rmsnorm_f32<<<rows, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const float*)x, (const float*)gamma, (float*)out, hidden_size, eps);
}
void launch_rmsnorm_bf16(const void* x, const void* gamma, void* out,
int rows, int hidden_size, float eps, void* stream) {
int block = (hidden_size < 1024) ? hidden_size : 1024;
rmsnorm_bf16<<<rows, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const __nv_bfloat16*)x, (const __nv_bfloat16*)gamma,
(__nv_bfloat16*)out, hidden_size, eps);
}
}

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#include "../common.cuh"
// Safe softmax along the last dimension.
// Each block handles one row of length `cols`.
// Three-pass: 1) find max, 2) exp + sum, 3) normalize.
__global__ void softmax_f32(
const float* __restrict__ x,
float* __restrict__ out,
int cols
) {
int row = blockIdx.x;
const float* x_row = x + row * cols;
float* out_row = out + row * cols;
// Pass 1: find max
float local_max = -INFINITY;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < cols; i += blockDim.x) {
local_max = fmaxf(local_max, x_row[i]);
}
float row_max = block_reduce_max(local_max);
__shared__ float s_max;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) s_max = row_max;
__syncthreads();
row_max = s_max;
// Pass 2: exp and sum
float local_sum = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < cols; i += blockDim.x) {
float e = expf(x_row[i] - row_max);
out_row[i] = e;
local_sum += e;
}
float row_sum = block_reduce_sum(local_sum);
__shared__ float s_inv_sum;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) s_inv_sum = 1.0f / row_sum;
__syncthreads();
float inv_sum = s_inv_sum;
// Pass 3: normalize
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < cols; i += blockDim.x) {
out_row[i] *= inv_sum;
}
}
__global__ void softmax_bf16(
const __nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ x,
__nv_bfloat16* __restrict__ out,
int cols
) {
int row = blockIdx.x;
const __nv_bfloat16* x_row = x + row * cols;
__nv_bfloat16* out_row = out + row * cols;
float local_max = -INFINITY;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < cols; i += blockDim.x) {
local_max = fmaxf(local_max, __bfloat162float(x_row[i]));
}
float row_max = block_reduce_max(local_max);
__shared__ float s_max;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) s_max = row_max;
__syncthreads();
row_max = s_max;
// We need float scratch for exp values. Reuse out (write bf16 in pass 3).
// Use registers to hold exp values during sum pass instead.
float local_sum = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < cols; i += blockDim.x) {
float e = expf(__bfloat162float(x_row[i]) - row_max);
// Temporarily store exp in output as bf16 (slight precision loss, acceptable)
out_row[i] = __float2bfloat16(e);
local_sum += e;
}
float row_sum = block_reduce_sum(local_sum);
__shared__ float s_inv_sum;
if (threadIdx.x == 0) s_inv_sum = 1.0f / row_sum;
__syncthreads();
float inv_sum = s_inv_sum;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < cols; i += blockDim.x) {
float e = __bfloat162float(out_row[i]);
out_row[i] = __float2bfloat16(e * inv_sum);
}
}
extern "C" {
void launch_softmax_f32(const void* x, void* out, int rows, int cols, void* stream) {
int block = (cols < 1024) ? cols : 1024;
if (block < 32) block = 32;
softmax_f32<<<rows, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const float*)x, (float*)out, cols);
}
void launch_softmax_bf16(const void* x, void* out, int rows, int cols, void* stream) {
int block = (cols < 1024) ? cols : 1024;
if (block < 32) block = 32;
softmax_bf16<<<rows, block, 0, (cudaStream_t)stream>>>(
(const __nv_bfloat16*)x, (__nv_bfloat16*)out, cols);
}
}